Important Branches of Botany

Name of the Study - Description

Agronomy - The study of application of plant science to crop production.

Bryology - The study of  mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Economic Botany - The study of plants of economic use of value.

Ethnobotany - The study of relationship between humans and plants.

Forestry - The study of forest management and related studies.

Horticulture - The study of cultivated plants.

Lichenology - The study of lichens.

Paleobotany - The study of fossil plants.

Palynology - The study of pollen and spores.

Phycology - The study of algae.

Phytopathology - The study of plant diseases.

Plant anatomy - The study of cell and tissue structures.

Plant ecology - The study of the role of plants in the environment.

Plant genetics - The study of genetic inheritance in plants.

Plant morphology - The study of structure and life cycles of plants.

Plant physiology - The study of life functions of plants.

Plant systematics - The study of classification and naming of plants.

Important Lines And Frontiers

Line or Frontier - Countries That are Bounded

Durand Line - Refers to the 2,640 kilometers  long porous border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was established in an agreement in 1893 between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan for fixing the limit of their spheres of influence and improving diplomatic relations and trade between them. It is named after Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat and civil servant of British India.

Mannerheim Line - It was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus between Finland and Soviet Union built by Finland against the Soviet Union. It became known as the Mannerheim Line after Field Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.

McMohan Line - It is the effective boundary between India and China. The McMahon Line is a line agreed to by Britain and Tibet as part of the Simla Accord, a treaty signed in 1914. Its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government.

Oder–Neisse Line - It is the border between Germany and Poland which was drawn in the aftermath of World War II. The line is formed primarily by the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers, it meets the Baltic Sea west of the seaport cities of Stettin and Swinemunde.

Radcliffe Line - Line between India and Pakistan. The Radcliffe Line was declared on August 17, 1947 as a boundary line between India and Pakistan during the Partition of India. The Radcliffe Line was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who as chairman of the Border Commissions.

Siegfried Line - A line between Germany and France. The line formed by defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany during World War I as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916–1917 in northern France.

Hindenberg Line - Boundary between Germany and Poland. It was a German defensive position in World War I. Hindenberg line was built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front from Arras to Laffaux.

Maginot Line - Border between France and Germany. It was a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapons installations that France constructed along its borders with Germany during the 1930s. The Maginot line was constructed during the run-up to World War II.

Green Line - It is a painted line in Cyprus that serves as a demarcation line between Greek  and Turkish Cyprus.

The 16th Parallel - The border between Mozambique and Zimbabwe is demarcated by this line.

The 17th Parallel - It is a demilitarized zone established as a dividing line formed between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before they were united finally.

The 24th Parallel - The line which Pakistan claims to be the boundary between India and Pakistan. It was not acceptable to India.

The 38th Parallel - It is the dividing line between North and South Korea. The division of Korea into South Korea and North Korea arise from the 1945 Allied victory in the World War II, that ended the Empire of Japan's 35-year rule over Korea. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to occupy Korea temporarily as a trusteeship with the zone of control demarcated along the 38th parallel.
 

The 49th Parallel - The border between USA and Canada.

Official Books of Countries

Book - Country it Belongs

Blue Book - Britain

Green Book - Italy and France

Orange Book - Netherlands

White Book - Germany and China

White Paper - India

Gray Book - Japan and Belgium

Important Signs And Symbols

Sign or Symbol - Denoting

Red crystal flag - Red Cross

Black flag - Protest

Yellow flat - Put on a ship carrying people with infectious disease.

Dove - Peace

Olive branch - Peace

Red flag - Revolution

Red triangle - Family planning

White flag - Peace

Maharaja - Air India

Lotus - Culture and Civilization

Wheel - Progress

Red cross - Hospital / Medical Services

Black band arm - Sign of mourning / Protest.

Blind folded woman holding a balance scale - Justice

Flat at half mast - National mourning

Flat upside down - Distress

Famous Fathers in Kerala

Branch of Subject - Founding Father

Father of Malayalam Language - Ezhuthachan

Father of Travancore - Marthanda Varma

Father of Kerala Renaisance - Sree Narayana Guru

Father of Modern Hinduism - Adi Shankaracharya

Famous Fathers in India

Branch of Subject - Founding Father

Father of The Nation - Mahatma Gandhi

Father of Ayurveda - Athreya

Father of Astronomy - Varahamihira

Father of Sanskrit Drama - Kalidasa

Father of Indian Renaissance - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Father of Surgery - Susruta

Father of Indian Unrest - Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Father of Indian Budget - Professor Mahalanobis

Father of Indian Painting - Nandalal Bose

Father of Indian Cinema - Dada Saheb Phalke

Father of Indian Engineering - M. Vishweswariah

Father of Indian Green Revolution - Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

Father of Indian Railway - Lord Dalhousie

Father of cooperative movement in India - Frederic Nicholson

Father of Indian Printing - James Hickey

Father of local Self Government in India - Lord Ripon

Famous Fathers of The World

Branch of Subject - Founding Father

Father of Natural History - Aristotle

Father of Botany - Theophrastus

Father of DNA fingerprinting - Alec Jeffreys

Father of Parasitology - Platter

Father of Gene Therapy - Anderson

Father of Ethology - Konrad Lorentz

Father of Antibiotics - Alexander Fleming

Father of Taxonomy - Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Immunology - Edward Jenner

Father of Microbiology - Louis Pasteur

Father of Cytology - Robert Hook

Father of Bacteriology - Robert Koch

Father of Blood Circulation - William Harvey

Father of Virology - W.M. Stanley

Father of Conditioned Reflex - Ivan Pavlov

Father of Modern Embryology - Ernst Von Baer

Father of Psychology - Sigmund Freud

Father of Cloning - Ian Wilmut

Father of Printing - Guttenberg

Father of History - Herodotus

Father of Economics - Adam Smith

Father of Philosophy - Socrates

Father of Sociology - Agustus Comte

Father of English Poetry - Geoffrey Chaucer

Father of Biology - Aristotle

Father of Essay - Mongaigne

Father of Medicine - Hippocrates

Father of Homeopathy - Samuel Hahneman

Father of Socialism - Robert Owen

Father of Scientific Socialism - Karl Marx

Father of Co-operation - Robert Owen

Father of Jurisprudence - John Locke

Father of Atom Bomb - Otto Hahn

Father of Genetics - Gregor Mendel

Father of Motor Car - Henry Ford

Father of Reformation - Martin Luthur

Father of Greek Democracy - Clesthenes

Father of Mathematics - Pythagorus

Father of Modern Cartoon - William Hogarth

Father of Modern Computer - Charles Babbage

Father of Nuclear Physics - Ernest Rutherford

Father of Modern Drama - Henrik J. Ibsen

Father of Modern Tourism - Thomas Cook

Father of Painting - Leonardo DaVinci

Father of Green Revolution - Norman Borlaug

Father of Renaissance - Petrarch

Place Where They Rest

Resting Place - Important Person

Rajghat - Mahatma Gandhi

Santhivan - Jawaharlal Nehru

Chaithrabhoomi - B.R. Ambedkar

Shakthisthal - Indira Gandhi

Ekthasthal - Zail Singh

Kisanghat -  Charan Singh

Veerbhoomi - Rajiv Gandhi

Abhyaghat - Morarji Desai

Narayanghat - Gulzarilal Nanda

Samathasthal - Jagjivan Ram

Vijayghat - Lal Bahadur Shastri

Nigam Bodhghat - Kishan Kant

Karmabhumi - K.R. Narayanan

Shantivan - Sanjay Gandhi

List of Indian Sobriquets

Sobriquet - Place

All Seasons State - Himachal Pradesh

Blue Mountains - Nilgiri

City of Palaces - Calcutta

City of Golden Temple - Amritsar

Garden City of India - Bangalore

Gateway of India - Mumbai

Granary of India - Punjab

Pearl of the Orient - Goa

Pink City - Jaipur

Lake City - Udaipur

Switzerland of India - Kashmir

Paradise on Earth - Kashmir

Mini Switzerland in India - Khajjar (Himachal Pradesh)

Sorrow of Bengal - River Damodar

Sorrow of Bihar - River Kosi

Sorrow of Assam - Brahmaputra

Spice Garden of India - Kerala

Sugar Bowl of India - Uttar Pradesh

Tea Garden of India - Assam

Detroit of India - Pitampur

Land of Sunrise in India - Arunachal Pradesh

Hi-Tech City - Hyderabad

Manchester of South India - Coimbatore

Manchester of India - Ahmedabad

City of Orange - Nagpur

Weavers City of India - Panipat

Silicon Valley of India - Bangalore

House of Clouds  - Meghalaya

God's Own Land of India - Kerala

City of Padala - Jaipur

Hollywood of India - Mumbai

Silent Share - Hadakh

Pearly East - Goa

New And Old Place Names in India

Old Name - New Name

Pondichery - Puthuchery

Indraprastham - Delhi

Magadham - Bihar

Vangarangyam - Bengal

Pataliputhram - Patna

Kalingam - Orissa

Kashi - Banaras

Prahag - Allahabad

Karnavathi - Ahmedabad

Saketham - Ayodhya

Purushapuram - Peshawar

Gandharam - Khandahar

Avanthi - Ujjayini

Kanyakubjam - Kanouj

Kamaroop - Assam

Devagiri - Doulathabad

Kosalam - Faizabad

Kanchi - Kanchipuram

Vadodara - Baroda

Thiruvanchikkulam - Mahodayapuram - Kodungallur

Madras - Chennai

Calcutta - Kolkata

Bangalore - Bangalooru

New And Old Names Of Places And Countries

New Name  -  Old Name

Ankara - Angora

Banjul - Bathurst

Bengalooru - Bangalore

Beijing - Peking

Belize - British Honduras

Bangladesh - East Pakistan

Botswana - Bechuana Land

Burkino Faso - Upper Volta

Cape Kennedy - Cape Caneveral

Cambodia - Kampuchia

Djibouty - French Somaliland

Ethiopia - Abyssinia

Ghana - Gold Coast

Guyana - British Guyana

Guinea Bissau - Portuguese Guiana

Harare - Salisbury

Hawaiian Islands - Sandwich Islands

Indonesia - The Duch East India

Iran - Persia

Iraq - Mesopotamia

Istanbul - Constantinople

Jakarta - Batavia

Japan - Nippon

Kinshasa - Leopoldville

Kiribati - Gilbert Island

Laos - Lanxang

Lesotho - Basutoland

Mexico - New Spain

Malawi - Nyasaland

Mali - French Sudan

Malaysia - Malaya

Malabo - Santa Isabel

Madhya Pradesh - Central Province

Manchuria - Manchuko

Myanmar - Burma

Mosambique - Portuguese East Africa

Mumbai - Bombay

Namibia - South West Africa

Nauru - Pleasant Island

Orissa - Kalinga

Papua New Guinea - Trust Territory of New Guinea

Portugal - Lucitania

Sri Lanka - Ceylon

St. Petersburg - Leningrad

Surinam - Dutch Guyana

Taiwan - Formosa

Tasmania - Van Diemen's Land

Thailand - Siam

Togo - Togoland

Tuvalu - The Ellice Islands

Volgograd - Stalingrad

Zaire - Congo

Zambia - Northern Rhodesia

Zimbabwe - Southern Rhodesia

The Riverside Cities And Countries

The Riverside Cities And Countries

City - River - Country

Alexandria - Nile - Egypt

Brussels - Seine - Belgium

Chittagong - Karnaphuli - Bangladesh

Glasgow - Clyde - Scotland

Khartoum - Nile - Sudan

Lisbon - Tagus - Portugal

Liverpool - Mersey - England

Shanghai - Yangtze-Kiang - China

Berlin - Spree - Germany

Bonn - Rhine - Germany

Amsterdam - Amsel - Netherlands

Baghdad - Tigris - Iraq

Bangkok - Menam - Thailand

Belgrade - Danube - Serbia

London - Thames - England

Montreal - Ottawa - Canada

Moscow - Moskva - Russia

Budapest - Danube - Hungary

Colmbo - Kaliganga - Sri Lanka

Cairo - Nile - Egypt

Karachi - Indus - Pakistan

Lahore - Ravi - Pakistan

New York - Hudson - USA

Paris - Seine - France

Yangoon - Irrawady - Myanmar

Rome - Tiber - Italy

Tokyo - Sumida - Japan

Vienna - Danube - Austria

Warsaw - Vistula - Poland

Washington - Potomac - USA

Basra - Euphrates And Tigris - Iraq

Bristol - Avon - England

Cologne - Rhine - Germany

Dublin - Liphi - Ireland

Hamburg - Elbe - Germany

Philadelphia - Delaware - America

Prague - Vitava - Czech Republic

Quebec - St. Lawrence - Canada

Stalingrad - Volga - Russia

The List of Sobriquets

The List of Sobriquets

Britain of the East - Japan

Britain of the South - New Zealand
Battle field of Europe - Belgium

City of Cycles - Beijing

City of Dreaming Spires - Oxford

City of Eternal Springs - Quito (Ecuador)

City of Sky Scrappers - New York (USA)

City of Magnificent Distances - Washinton DC

City of Golden Gate - San Francisco (USA)

City of Seven Hills - Rome (Italy)

Cockpit of Europe - Belgium

Copper Country - Zambia

Dark Continent - Africa

Empire City - New York (USA)

Emerald Island - Ireland

Eternal City - Rome (Italy)

Forbidden City - Lhasa (Tibet, China)

Gateway of Tears - Strait of Bab-el Mandeb

Garden of England - Kent

George Cross Island - Malta

Granite City - Aberdeen (Scotland)

Herring Pond - Atlantic Ocean

Hill Queen - Shimla

Holy Land - Palestine

Hermit Kingdom - Korea

Island of Pearls - Bahrain

Island of Cloves - Madagascar

Land of Eagles - Albania

Land of Golden Fleece - Australia

Land of Lilies - Canada

Land of Golden Pagoda - Myanmar

Land of Maple - Canada

Land of Thousand Lakes - Finland

Land of Morning Calm - Korea

Land of Rising Sun - Japan

Land of Setting Sun - Britain

Land of Midnight Sun - Norway

Land of Lakes - Scotland

Land of the Tulips - Netherlands

Land of White Elephant - Thailand

Land of Thunder Bolt - Bhutan

Land of Thousand Elephants - Laos

Manchester of the Orient - Osaka

Never Never Land - Prairies, North Australia

Land of Thunder Dragon - China

Nation of Thousand Hills - Rwanda

Pearl of Arabia - Bahrain

Pearl of Antilles - Cuba

Pillars of Hercules - Strait of Gibralter

Quaker City of USA - Philadelphia (USA)

Queen of the Adriatic - Venice, Italy

Roof of the World - Pamirs

Sorrow of China - Huang Ho River

Sick Man of Europe - Turkey

Sugar Bowl of World - Cuba

Venice of the North - Stockholm (Sweden)

White City - Belgrade

Windy City - Chicago

World's Bread Basket - Priries of North America

Island of Fire - Iceland

Land of Windmills - Holland

Land of Perpetual Greenery - Natal

World Loneliest Islands - Trisdan Da Cunha

Countries And Their Currencies

Countries And Their Currencies

Afghanistan - Afghani

Algeria - Algeria Dinar

Angola - New Kwanza

Armenia - Dram

Argentina - Peso

Australia - Australian Dollar

Azerbaijan - Manat

Austria - Schilling

Bahrain - Dinar

Bangladesh - Taka

Botswana - Rand

Brazil - Cruzeiro Real

Belgium - Euro

Bhutan - Ngultrum

Burma - Kyat

Burundi - Franc

Bulgaria - Lev

Canada - Dollar

China - Yuan/Renminbi

Columbia - Peso

Cuba - Peso

Costa Rica - Colon

Croatia - Kuna

Cyprus - Cyprus Pound

Czech Republic - Koruna

Denmark - Krone

Dominican Republic - Peso

Ecuador - Sucre

El Salvador - Colon

Ethiopia - Birr

Egypt - Egyptian Pound

Finland - Mark

France - Franc

Guatemala - Quetzal

Germany - Mark

Georgia - Lari

Ghana - Cedi

Greece - Drachma

Guatemala - Quetzal

Guyana - Dollar

Haiti - Gourde

Hungary - Forint

Iceland - Krona

India - Rupee

Indonesia - Rupiah

Iran - Rial

Iraq - Iraqi Dinar

Irish Republic - Pound

Israel - Shekel

Italy - Lira

Jamaica - Dollar

Japan - Yen

Jordan - Dinar

Kazakhstan - Tenge

Kenya - Shilling

Korea - Won

Kuwait - Kuwaiti Dollar

Lebanon - Pound

Lesotho - Rand

Liberia - Dollar

Libya - Dinar

Luxembourg - Franc

Malawi - Kwacha

Malaysia - Ringgit

Morocco - Dirham

Mongolia - Tugrik

Mexico - Peso

Myanmar - Kyat

Nepal - Rupee

Netherlands - Guilder

New Zealand - Dollar

Nicaragua - Cordoba

Nigeria -  Pound

Norway - Kroner

Pakistan - Rupee

Panama - Balboa

Peru - Sol

Philippines - Peso

Poland - Zloty

Portugal - Escudo

Romania - Leu

Russia - Rouble

Rwanda - Franc

Salvador - Colon

Saudi Arabia - Riyal

Siarra Leone - Leone

Singapore - Dollar

Somalia - Shilling

South Africa - Rand

Spain - Peseta

Sri Lanka - Rupee

Sudan - Pound

Sweden - Krona

Switzerland - Swiss Franc

Syria - Pound

Tanzania - Shilling

Thailand - Baht

Trinidad And Tobago - Dollar

Tunisia - Dinar

Turkey - Lira

United Arab Emirates  - UAE Dirham

Uganda - Shilling

United Kingdom - Pound Sterling

Uruguay - Peso

United States of America - Dollar

Venezuela - Bolivae

Vietnam - Dong

Vatican City State - Lira

Zambia - Kwacha

The 16 European Countries with Euro currency are

Austria

Belgium

Cyprus

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Portugal

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Countries And Their Parliament

Countries And Their Parliament

Afghanistan - Shora

Australia - Federal Parliament

Algeria - National People's Assembly

Bangladesh - Jatiya Sangsad
Bhutan - Tshongdu (National Assembly)

Britain - Parliament (House of Commons and House of Lords)

China - National People's Congress

Cuba - National Assembly of People Power

Denmark - Folketing

France - National Assembly

Hungary - National Assembly

Iceland - Althing

India - Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)

Iran - Majlis

Iraq - National Assembly

Israel - Knesset

Japan - Diet

Kuwait - National Assembly

Libya - General People's Congress

Maldives - Majlis

Myanmar - People's Assembly

Nepal - Sansad

Netherlands - States General

New Zealand - House of Representatives

Poland - Sejm

Russia - State Duma

South Africa - House of Assembly

Sweden - Riksdag

Switzerland - Federal Assembly

Germany - Bundestag

Egypt - People's Assembly

Greenland - Landstraad

Norway - Storting

Pakistan - National Assembly

USA - Congress

Sri Lanka - National State

Sudan - National Assembly

Syria - People Council

Vietnam - National Assembly

National Emblem of Countries

National Emblem of Countries

Australia - Kangaroo, Wattle

Bangladesh- Water Lilly

Belgium - Lion

Canada - Water Lilly, Flower Emblem: Maple Leaf

Chile - Condor and Heumul

Denmark - Beach

Dominica - Sisserou Parrot

France - Lilly

Germany - Eagle / Cornflower

Guyana - Canje Pheasant

India - Lion Capitol, Flower Emblem: Lotus

Iran - Rose

Ireland - Shamrock

Israel - Candelabrum

Italy - White Lilly

Ivory Coast - Elephant

Japan - Chrysanthemum

Hong Kong - Bauhinia (Orchid tree)

Lebanon - Cedar tree

Luxembourg - Lion with crown

Mongolia - Soyombo

Netherlands - Lion

New Zealand - Southern Cross, Fern, Kiwi

Norway - Lion

Pakistan - Crescent, Jasmine

Papua New Guinea - Bird of Paradise

Poland - Eagle

San Marino - Feathers

Spain - Eagle, Flower emblem: Pomegranate

Senegal - Bao bab tree

Sri Lanka - Lion

Sierra Leone - Lion

Sudan - Secretary Bird

Syria - Eagle

Turkey - Crescent and Star

United Kingdom - Rose

USA - Golden Rod, Bald Eagle

Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe Bird