Important Branches of Botany

Name of the Study - Description

Agronomy - The study of application of plant science to crop production.

Bryology - The study of  mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Economic Botany - The study of plants of economic use of value.

Ethnobotany - The study of relationship between humans and plants.

Forestry - The study of forest management and related studies.

Horticulture - The study of cultivated plants.

Lichenology - The study of lichens.

Paleobotany - The study of fossil plants.

Palynology - The study of pollen and spores.

Phycology - The study of algae.

Phytopathology - The study of plant diseases.

Plant anatomy - The study of cell and tissue structures.

Plant ecology - The study of the role of plants in the environment.

Plant genetics - The study of genetic inheritance in plants.

Plant morphology - The study of structure and life cycles of plants.

Plant physiology - The study of life functions of plants.

Plant systematics - The study of classification and naming of plants.

Important Lines And Frontiers

Line or Frontier - Countries That are Bounded

Durand Line - Refers to the 2,640 kilometers  long porous border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was established in an agreement in 1893 between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan for fixing the limit of their spheres of influence and improving diplomatic relations and trade between them. It is named after Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat and civil servant of British India.

Mannerheim Line - It was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus between Finland and Soviet Union built by Finland against the Soviet Union. It became known as the Mannerheim Line after Field Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.

McMohan Line - It is the effective boundary between India and China. The McMahon Line is a line agreed to by Britain and Tibet as part of the Simla Accord, a treaty signed in 1914. Its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government.

Oder–Neisse Line - It is the border between Germany and Poland which was drawn in the aftermath of World War II. The line is formed primarily by the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers, it meets the Baltic Sea west of the seaport cities of Stettin and Swinemunde.

Radcliffe Line - Line between India and Pakistan. The Radcliffe Line was declared on August 17, 1947 as a boundary line between India and Pakistan during the Partition of India. The Radcliffe Line was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who as chairman of the Border Commissions.

Siegfried Line - A line between Germany and France. The line formed by defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany during World War I as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916–1917 in northern France.

Hindenberg Line - Boundary between Germany and Poland. It was a German defensive position in World War I. Hindenberg line was built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front from Arras to Laffaux.

Maginot Line - Border between France and Germany. It was a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapons installations that France constructed along its borders with Germany during the 1930s. The Maginot line was constructed during the run-up to World War II.

Green Line - It is a painted line in Cyprus that serves as a demarcation line between Greek  and Turkish Cyprus.

The 16th Parallel - The border between Mozambique and Zimbabwe is demarcated by this line.

The 17th Parallel - It is a demilitarized zone established as a dividing line formed between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before they were united finally.

The 24th Parallel - The line which Pakistan claims to be the boundary between India and Pakistan. It was not acceptable to India.

The 38th Parallel - It is the dividing line between North and South Korea. The division of Korea into South Korea and North Korea arise from the 1945 Allied victory in the World War II, that ended the Empire of Japan's 35-year rule over Korea. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to occupy Korea temporarily as a trusteeship with the zone of control demarcated along the 38th parallel.
 

The 49th Parallel - The border between USA and Canada.

Official Books of Countries

Book - Country it Belongs

Blue Book - Britain

Green Book - Italy and France

Orange Book - Netherlands

White Book - Germany and China

White Paper - India

Gray Book - Japan and Belgium

Important Signs And Symbols

Sign or Symbol - Denoting

Red crystal flag - Red Cross

Black flag - Protest

Yellow flat - Put on a ship carrying people with infectious disease.

Dove - Peace

Olive branch - Peace

Red flag - Revolution

Red triangle - Family planning

White flag - Peace

Maharaja - Air India

Lotus - Culture and Civilization

Wheel - Progress

Red cross - Hospital / Medical Services

Black band arm - Sign of mourning / Protest.

Blind folded woman holding a balance scale - Justice

Flat at half mast - National mourning

Flat upside down - Distress

Famous Fathers in Kerala

Branch of Subject - Founding Father

Father of Malayalam Language - Ezhuthachan

Father of Travancore - Marthanda Varma

Father of Kerala Renaisance - Sree Narayana Guru

Father of Modern Hinduism - Adi Shankaracharya

Famous Fathers in India

Branch of Subject - Founding Father

Father of The Nation - Mahatma Gandhi

Father of Ayurveda - Athreya

Father of Astronomy - Varahamihira

Father of Sanskrit Drama - Kalidasa

Father of Indian Renaissance - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Father of Surgery - Susruta

Father of Indian Unrest - Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Father of Indian Budget - Professor Mahalanobis

Father of Indian Painting - Nandalal Bose

Father of Indian Cinema - Dada Saheb Phalke

Father of Indian Engineering - M. Vishweswariah

Father of Indian Green Revolution - Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

Father of Indian Railway - Lord Dalhousie

Father of cooperative movement in India - Frederic Nicholson

Father of Indian Printing - James Hickey

Father of local Self Government in India - Lord Ripon

Famous Fathers of The World

Branch of Subject - Founding Father

Father of Natural History - Aristotle

Father of Botany - Theophrastus

Father of DNA fingerprinting - Alec Jeffreys

Father of Parasitology - Platter

Father of Gene Therapy - Anderson

Father of Ethology - Konrad Lorentz

Father of Antibiotics - Alexander Fleming

Father of Taxonomy - Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Immunology - Edward Jenner

Father of Microbiology - Louis Pasteur

Father of Cytology - Robert Hook

Father of Bacteriology - Robert Koch

Father of Blood Circulation - William Harvey

Father of Virology - W.M. Stanley

Father of Conditioned Reflex - Ivan Pavlov

Father of Modern Embryology - Ernst Von Baer

Father of Psychology - Sigmund Freud

Father of Cloning - Ian Wilmut

Father of Printing - Guttenberg

Father of History - Herodotus

Father of Economics - Adam Smith

Father of Philosophy - Socrates

Father of Sociology - Agustus Comte

Father of English Poetry - Geoffrey Chaucer

Father of Biology - Aristotle

Father of Essay - Mongaigne

Father of Medicine - Hippocrates

Father of Homeopathy - Samuel Hahneman

Father of Socialism - Robert Owen

Father of Scientific Socialism - Karl Marx

Father of Co-operation - Robert Owen

Father of Jurisprudence - John Locke

Father of Atom Bomb - Otto Hahn

Father of Genetics - Gregor Mendel

Father of Motor Car - Henry Ford

Father of Reformation - Martin Luthur

Father of Greek Democracy - Clesthenes

Father of Mathematics - Pythagorus

Father of Modern Cartoon - William Hogarth

Father of Modern Computer - Charles Babbage

Father of Nuclear Physics - Ernest Rutherford

Father of Modern Drama - Henrik J. Ibsen

Father of Modern Tourism - Thomas Cook

Father of Painting - Leonardo DaVinci

Father of Green Revolution - Norman Borlaug

Father of Renaissance - Petrarch

Place Where They Rest

Resting Place - Important Person

Rajghat - Mahatma Gandhi

Santhivan - Jawaharlal Nehru

Chaithrabhoomi - B.R. Ambedkar

Shakthisthal - Indira Gandhi

Ekthasthal - Zail Singh

Kisanghat -  Charan Singh

Veerbhoomi - Rajiv Gandhi

Abhyaghat - Morarji Desai

Narayanghat - Gulzarilal Nanda

Samathasthal - Jagjivan Ram

Vijayghat - Lal Bahadur Shastri

Nigam Bodhghat - Kishan Kant

Karmabhumi - K.R. Narayanan

Shantivan - Sanjay Gandhi

List of Indian Sobriquets

Sobriquet - Place

All Seasons State - Himachal Pradesh

Blue Mountains - Nilgiri

City of Palaces - Calcutta

City of Golden Temple - Amritsar

Garden City of India - Bangalore

Gateway of India - Mumbai

Granary of India - Punjab

Pearl of the Orient - Goa

Pink City - Jaipur

Lake City - Udaipur

Switzerland of India - Kashmir

Paradise on Earth - Kashmir

Mini Switzerland in India - Khajjar (Himachal Pradesh)

Sorrow of Bengal - River Damodar

Sorrow of Bihar - River Kosi

Sorrow of Assam - Brahmaputra

Spice Garden of India - Kerala

Sugar Bowl of India - Uttar Pradesh

Tea Garden of India - Assam

Detroit of India - Pitampur

Land of Sunrise in India - Arunachal Pradesh

Hi-Tech City - Hyderabad

Manchester of South India - Coimbatore

Manchester of India - Ahmedabad

City of Orange - Nagpur

Weavers City of India - Panipat

Silicon Valley of India - Bangalore

House of Clouds  - Meghalaya

God's Own Land of India - Kerala

City of Padala - Jaipur

Hollywood of India - Mumbai

Silent Share - Hadakh

Pearly East - Goa

New And Old Place Names in India

Old Name - New Name

Pondichery - Puthuchery

Indraprastham - Delhi

Magadham - Bihar

Vangarangyam - Bengal

Pataliputhram - Patna

Kalingam - Orissa

Kashi - Banaras

Prahag - Allahabad

Karnavathi - Ahmedabad

Saketham - Ayodhya

Purushapuram - Peshawar

Gandharam - Khandahar

Avanthi - Ujjayini

Kanyakubjam - Kanouj

Kamaroop - Assam

Devagiri - Doulathabad

Kosalam - Faizabad

Kanchi - Kanchipuram

Vadodara - Baroda

Thiruvanchikkulam - Mahodayapuram - Kodungallur

Madras - Chennai

Calcutta - Kolkata

Bangalore - Bangalooru

New And Old Names Of Places And Countries

New Name  -  Old Name

Ankara - Angora

Banjul - Bathurst

Bengalooru - Bangalore

Beijing - Peking

Belize - British Honduras

Bangladesh - East Pakistan

Botswana - Bechuana Land

Burkino Faso - Upper Volta

Cape Kennedy - Cape Caneveral

Cambodia - Kampuchia

Djibouty - French Somaliland

Ethiopia - Abyssinia

Ghana - Gold Coast

Guyana - British Guyana

Guinea Bissau - Portuguese Guiana

Harare - Salisbury

Hawaiian Islands - Sandwich Islands

Indonesia - The Duch East India

Iran - Persia

Iraq - Mesopotamia

Istanbul - Constantinople

Jakarta - Batavia

Japan - Nippon

Kinshasa - Leopoldville

Kiribati - Gilbert Island

Laos - Lanxang

Lesotho - Basutoland

Mexico - New Spain

Malawi - Nyasaland

Mali - French Sudan

Malaysia - Malaya

Malabo - Santa Isabel

Madhya Pradesh - Central Province

Manchuria - Manchuko

Myanmar - Burma

Mosambique - Portuguese East Africa

Mumbai - Bombay

Namibia - South West Africa

Nauru - Pleasant Island

Orissa - Kalinga

Papua New Guinea - Trust Territory of New Guinea

Portugal - Lucitania

Sri Lanka - Ceylon

St. Petersburg - Leningrad

Surinam - Dutch Guyana

Taiwan - Formosa

Tasmania - Van Diemen's Land

Thailand - Siam

Togo - Togoland

Tuvalu - The Ellice Islands

Volgograd - Stalingrad

Zaire - Congo

Zambia - Northern Rhodesia

Zimbabwe - Southern Rhodesia